Chapter 3
CONCLUSIONS
The
Hot Big Bang, the standard model of modern cosmology, rises historically from the discovery by Hubble of the redshifts coming from the remote galaxies. Interpreted in recession of the galaxies, these redshifts generated the concepts of expansion of the universe, primordial explosion and origin of the universe. The astrophysicists and cosmologists, experimenters and theorists, sought the evidence of the model. The primordial nucleosynthesis, the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation and the redshifts became the pillars of the model. Then the theory of inflation tried to answer the serious problems which arose for the standard model of Hot Big Bang.In the credible absence of alternative to
Hot Big Bang, this one is triumphant. It suffers nevertheless, as we tried to show it in the preceding chapters, of many and serious observational and theoretical discordances. It rests, actually, on a fragile basis, the interpretation of the fact of the redshifts in recession of the galaxies. The temporalist model proposes a different interpretation from the redshifts which makes the major part of the difficulties from the model of Hot Big Bang disappear.We briefly will point out the problems and the discordances of the model of Hot Big Bang below.
1) Why does the expansion start beyond the Milky Way and not below ?
2) The most current value which is closer to the
constant of Hubble Ho, would be, after decades of observations and corrections, to 72 Km/sec/Mpc. The corresponding value, derived from constant To of the temporalist model, theoretically established in 1962, is 67,71 Km/sec/Mpc. The last data given by WMAP ( February 2003) made it possible to fix the value of the constant Ho of Hubble at 71 Km/sec/Mpc ( with a margin of error of 5 % ) what well confirms the temporalist value of Ho is 67,71 Km/sec/Mpc. ( http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_mm/mr_limits.html ).3) Why is the universe homogeneous and isotropic only beyond 100 to 200 Mpc?
4) The problems of the horizon, the flat universe and the magnetic monopolies find solution only thanks to the assumption of inflation, highly speculative.
5) Which are the causes of the primordial explosion? What was there before? What is the origin of time and space?
6) The model of inflation, conceived to mitigate the great difficulties of the model of Hot Big Bang is an assumption of speculative nature, without experimental base, which extrapolates, in a considerable way and arbitrarily, the laws of physics. It is an ad hoc assumption.
7) Inflation does not have a well-known cause.
8) The existence of the
cosmological constant, implied by the model of inflation, remains a pure assumption.9) The weakness of the anisotropies of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation cannot account for the importance, early after the Big Bang, of the great structures of the universe.
10) The prediction of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation by many researchers is former to the model of Hot Big Bang and that of Gamow which rested on false bases.
11) The primordial nucleosynthesis suffers from many difficulties: baryon density observed not in conformity with the forecasts, problems of 7Lithium and the abundance of 2Deuterium.
12) The observations of the density of the universe, favorable to a flat universe lead to an age of the universe of 9 billion years. This age is incompatible with the age deduced from the observation of the radioactive elements (from 11,5 to 17,5 of billion years), of the oldest globular clusters (between 16 and 17 billion years) and of the supernova 97 FF (of 10 billion years) located in a populated galaxy of old stars.
13) The observed density of the universe is much lower than the critical density necessary for a flat universe.
14)
The structures on a large scale of the universe are not the fruit of chance. They reflect a periodicity like that of a chess-board. Why?15) The existence of galaxies clusters, at an age between 2 and 7 billion years after the Big Bang is incompatible with the theoretical predictions of Hot Big Bang and the very low anisotropies of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation.
16) The existence of the big cosmic voids in the universe is in contradiction with the inflation model and the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation.
As one can note it, the apparent solidity of the arguments in favour of the model of Hot Big Bang seems, with the analysis, much more fragile than a surface examination could be supposed from. The long list of the problems arising from the model of Hot Big Bang and of its prolongation, the inflation model, that we have just enumerated, testify to the inadequacy of this model with the facts and its absence of theoretical coherence.
The temporalist model, proposed by the author, endeavours to
answer to the various problems that the model of Hot Big Bang does not solve.
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